Red Hat LINUX 7.2 - OFFICIAL LINUX CUSTOMIZATION GUIDE Guida di Installazione Scaricare il pdf (Pagina 105)

Chapter 7. X Servers and Clients 105

These window managers can be run as individual X clients to gain a better sense of their differ-

ences. Type the xinit

path-to-window-manager command, where path-to-window-

manager

is the location of the window manager binary ﬁle. The binary ﬁle can be found by typing

which

window-manager-name or by looking for the name of the window manager in a bin

directory.

7.3.2. Desktop Environments

A desktop environment brings together assorted X clients that can be run together using similar meth-

ods, utilizing a common development environment.

Desktop environments are different from window managers, which only control the appearance and

placement of X client windows. Desktop environments contain advanced features that allow X clients

and other running processes to communicate with one another. This allows all applications written

to work in that environment to commonly integrate and be used in new ways, such as permitting

drag-and-drop behavior with text.

GNOME is the default desktop environment for Red Hat Linux, using the GTK+ base widget toolkit

and miscellaneous other widgets that extend the base functionality. KDE, another desktop environ-

ment, uses a different toolkit called Qt. GNOME and KDE both contain advanced productivity ap-

plications, such as word processors, spreadsheets, and control panel devices that allow you to have

complete control of the look-and-feel of your user experience. Both environments can run standard X

client applications, and most KDE applications can run in GNOME, if the Qt libraries are installed.

When you start X using the startx command, a pre-speciﬁed desktop environment is utilized. To

change the default desktop environment used when X starts, open a terminal and type the switchdesk

command. This brings up a graphical utility that allows you to select the desktop environment or

window manager to use the next time X starts.

Desktop environments utilize window managers to provide the consistency in appearance between

different applications. KDE contains its own window manager, called kwm, speciﬁcally for this func-

tionality.

For information on the customization of the GNOME and KDE desktop environments, see the Ofﬁcial

Red Hat Linux Getting Started Guide.

7.4. Runlevels

Most users run X from runlevels 3 or 5. Runlevel 3 places your system in multi-user mode with

full networking capabilities. The machine will boot to a text-based login prompt with all necessary

preconﬁgured services started. Most servers are run in runlevel 3, as X is not necessary to provide any

services utilized by most users. Runlevel 5 is similar to 3, except that it automatically starts X and

provides a graphical login screen. Many workstation users prefer this method, because it never forces

them to see a command prompt.

The default runlevel used when your system boots can be found in the /etc/inittab ﬁle. If you

have a line in that ﬁle that looks like id:3:initdefault:, then your system will boot to runlevel

3. If you have a line that looks like id:5:initdefault:, your system is set to boot into runlevel 5.

As root, change the runlevel number in this ﬁle to set a different default. Save the ﬁle and restart your

system to verify that it boots to the correct runlevel. More information on runlevels can be found in

Section 3.4.

7.4.1. Runlevel 3: startx

When in runlevel 3, the preferred way to start an X session is to type the startx command. startx, a

front-end to the xinit program, launches the XFree86 server and connects the X clients to it. Because

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