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82 Chapter 4. GRUB

to move to the beginning of a line, and [Ctrl]-[e] to move to the end of a line. In addition, the arrow,

[Home], [End], and [Delete] keys work as they do in the bash shell.

4.3.4. Order of Interface Use

When the GRUB environment starts loading the second stage boot loader, it looks for its conﬁguration

ﬁle. When found, it uses the conﬁguration ﬁle to build the menu list of operating systems to load and

then displays the boot menu interface.

If the conﬁguration ﬁle cannot be found, or if the conﬁguration ﬁle is unreadable, GRUB will load the

command line interface to allow users to manually type the commands necessary to boot an operating

system.

If the conﬁguration ﬁle is not valid, GRUB will print out the error and ask for input. This can be

very helpful, because users will then be able to see precisely where the problem occurred and ﬁx it

in the ﬁle. Pressing any key will reload the menu interface, where it is then possible to edit the menu

option and correct the problem based on the error reported by GRUB. If the correction fails, the error

is reported and GRUB will begin again.

4.4. Commands

GRUB contains a number of different commands that may be executed interactively in the command

line interface. Some of the commands accept options after their name, and these options should be

separated from the command and other options on that line by space characters.

The following list gives the most useful commands:

• boot — Boots the operating system or chain loader that has been previously speciﬁed and loaded.

• chainloader

file-name — Loads the speciﬁed ﬁle as a chain loader. To grab the ﬁle at the

ﬁrst sector of the speciﬁed partition, use +1 as the ﬁle’s name.

• displaymem — Displays the current use of memory, based on information from the BIOS. This is

useful to determine how much RAM a system has prior to booting it.

• initrd

file-name — Enables users to specify an initial RAM disk to use when booting,

necessary when the kernel needs certain modules in order to boot properly.

• install

stage-1 install-disk stage-2 p config-file — Installs

GRUB to the system MBR. This allows the GRUB interfaces to come up when the system is re-

booted.

Warning

The install command will overwrite any other information in the MBR. If executed, any informa-

tion (other than GRUB information) that is used to boot other operating systems, will be lost.

Make sure to have the proper knowledge before executing this command.

This command can be conﬁgured in several different ways. However, it is required to specify a

stage-1 , which signiﬁes a device, partition, and ﬁle where the ﬁrst boot loader image can be

found, such as (hd0,0)/grub/stage1. In addition, specify the disk where the stage 1 boot loader

should be installed, such as (hd0).

The stage-2 section tells the stage 1 boot loader where the stage 2 boot loader is located, such

as (hd0,0)/grub/stage2. The p option tells the install command that a menu conﬁguration

ﬁle is being speciﬁed in the config-file section, such as (hd0,0)/grub/grub.conf.

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Red Hat LINUX 7.2 - OFFICIAL LINUX CUSTOMIZATION GUIDE Guida di Installazione Pagina 82

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