Red Hat LINUX 7.2 - OFFICIAL LINUX CUSTOMIZATION GUIDE Guida di Installazione Pagina 4
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7.6. Additional Resources......................................................................................... 109
II. Security Reference ..................................................................................................................... 111
8. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)....................................................................... 113
8.1. Advantages of PAM ........................................................................................... 113
8.2. PAM Configuration Files ................................................................................... 113
8.3. PAM Modules .................................................................................................... 114
8.4. PAM Module Control Flags............................................................................... 115
8.5. PAM Module Paths ............................................................................................ 116
8.6. PAM Module Arguments ................................................................................... 116
8.7. Sample PAM Configuration Files ...................................................................... 116
8.8. PAM and Device Ownership.............................................................................. 118
8.9. Additional Resources......................................................................................... 119
9. TCP Wrappers and xinetd .............................................................................................. 121
9.1. Purpose of TCP Wrappers ................................................................................. 121
9.2. Host-Based Access Control Lists....................................................................... 121
9.3. Access Control Using xinetd .......................................................................... 124
9.4. Additional Resources......................................................................................... 128
10. SSH Protocol................................................................................................................... 131
10.1. Introduction...................................................................................................... 131
10.2. Event Sequence of an SSH Connection ........................................................... 132
10.3. Layers of SSH Security.................................................................................... 132
10.4. OpenSSH Configuration Files ......................................................................... 134
10.5. More Than a Secure Shell................................................................................ 135
10.6. Requiring SSH for Remote Connections ......................................................... 136
11. Kerberos.......................................................................................................................... 139
11.1. Advantages of Kerberos................................................................................... 139
11.2. Kerberos Disadvantages................................................................................... 139
11.3. Kerberos Terminology ..................................................................................... 139
11.4. How Kerberos Works ....................................................................................... 141
11.5. Kerberos and PAM........................................................................................... 142
11.6. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Server ..................................................................... 142
11.7. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Client ...................................................................... 144
11.8. Additional Resources ....................................................................................... 144
12. Installing and Configuring Tripwire ............................................................................... 147
12.1. How to Use Tripwire........................................................................................ 147
12.2. Installation Instructions.................................................................................... 149
12.3. File Locations................................................................................................... 150
12.4. Tripwire Components ...................................................................................... 150
12.5. Modifying the Policy File ................................................................................ 151
12.6. Selecting Passphrases....................................................................................... 152
12.7. Initializing the Database .................................................................................. 152
12.8. Running an Integrity Check ............................................................................. 152
12.9. Printing Reports ............................................................................................... 152
12.10. Updating the Database after an Integrity Check ............................................ 155
12.11. Updating the Policy File ................................................................................ 155
12.12. Tripwire and Email ........................................................................................ 156
12.13. Additional Resources ..................................................................................... 157
- Red Hat Linux 7.3 1
- The Official Red Hat Linux 1
- Reference Guide 1
- Table of Contents 3
- Introduction 7
- 1.2. For the More Experienced 9
- 2. Document Conventions 10
- Mail backupfiles mail reports 11
- [stephen@maturin stephen]$ 12
- 3. Using the Mouse 13
- 5. More to Come 13
- 6. Sign Up for Support 13
- System Reference 15
- Chapter 1 17
- File System Structure 17
- 1.2.1. FHS Organization 18
- /usr/local/sbin." 19
- /usr." 20
- 1.3. Special File Locations 21
- Chapter 2 23
- The /proc File System 23
- 2.2. Top-Level Files in /proc 24
- /proc File System 25 25
- /proc File System 26
- /proc File System 27 27
- /proc File System 29 29
- /proc File System 31 31
- /proc File System 33 33
- /proc File System 35 35
- 2.3. Directories in /proc 37
- /proc File System 39 39
- /proc File System 41 41
- /proc File System 43 43
- /proc File System 45 45
- /proc File System 47 47
- /proc File System 49 49
- /proc File System 51 51
- 2.4. Using sysctl 52
- 2.5. Additional Resources 52
- /proc File System 53 53
- Chapter 3 55
- /etc/lilo.conf 56
- 3.2.2. Init 58
- 3.2.3. SysV Init 60
- 3.3. Sysconfig Information 61
- • CLOCKMODE= 63
- DESKTOP="GNOME" 64
- LANG="en_US" 65
- • DEVICE= 68
- • ROOTDIR=" 68
- /dev/raw/raw1 /dev/sda1 70
- /dev/raw/raw2 8 5 70
- • CARDTYPE= 71
- /etc/sysconfig/ Directory 72
- 3.4. Init Runlevels 73
- 3.6. Shutting Down 74
- ELILO boot loader 75
- Chapter 4 77
- 4.1.2. GRUB Features 78
- 4.2. Terminology 79
- 4.2.2. File Names 80
- 4.3. Interfaces 81
- 4.4. Commands 82
- 4.6. Additional Resources 84
- 86 Chapter 4. GRUB 86
- Chapter 5 87
- The ext3 File System 87
- /sbin/fdisk /dev/hdb 88
- /sbin/mkfs -t ext3 /dev/hdbX 89
- /sbin/tune2fs -j /dev/hdbX 90
- -y /dev/hdb1 91
- Chapter 6 93
- Users and Groups 93
- 6.3. Standard Groups 94
- 6.4. User Private Groups 96
- /usr/lib/emacs/site-lisp 97
- 6.5. Shadow Utilities 98
- Chapter 7 99
- X Servers and Clients 99
- 7.2. The XFree86 Server 100
- 7.3.1. Window Managers 104
- 7.4. Runlevels 105
- 7.4.2. Runlevel 5: prefdm 106
- 7.5. Fonts 107
- 7.5.1. xfs Configuration 108
- 7.5.2. Adding Fonts 108
- 7.6. Additional Resources 109
- 7.6.2. Useful Websites 110
- 7.6.3. Related Books 110
- Security Reference 111
- Chapter 8 113
- 8.3. PAM Modules 114
- 8.4. PAM Module Control Flags 115
- 8.5. PAM Module Paths 116
- 8.6. PAM Module Arguments 116
- 8.8. PAM and Device Ownership 118
- 8.9. Additional Resources 119
- Chapter 9 121
- TCP Wrappers and xinetd 121
- 9.2.1. Formatting Rules 122
- 9.4. Additional Resources 128
- 9.4.2. Useful Websites 129
- Chapter 10 131
- SSH Protocol 131
- 10.3. Layers of SSH Security 132
- 10.3.2. Authentication 133
- 10.3.3. Connection 134
- 10.5.1. X11 Forwarding 135
- 10.5.2. Port Forwarding 135
- • telnet 136
- Chapter 10. SSH Protocol 137 137
- 138 Chapter 10. SSH Protocol 138
- Chapter 11 139
- Kerberos 139
- 11.3. Kerberos Terminology 140
- 11.4. How Kerberos Works 141
- 11.5. Kerberos and PAM 142
- 11.8. Additional Resources 145
- 146 Chapter 11. Kerberos 146
- Chapter 12 147
- 12.3. File Locations 150
- 12.4. Tripwire Components 151
- 12.6. Selecting Passphrases 152
- 12.9. Printing Reports 153
- /etc/hosts, type a 154
- 12.12. Tripwire and Email 156
- 12.13. Additional Resources 157
- Network Services Reference 159
- Chapter 13 161
- Network Scripts 161
- 13.1.2. Dialup Interfaces 162
- 13.1.3. Alias and Clone Files 164
- /sbin/service network action 165
- 13.3. Network Functions 166
- Chapter 14 167
- Firewalling with iptables 167
- 14.3.1. Tables 169
- 14.3.2. Structure 169
- 14.3.3. Commands 169
- 14.3.4. Parameters 170
- 14.3.5. Match Options 171
- 14.3.6. Target Options 173
- 14.3.7. Listing Options 174
- 14.5. Additional Resources 175
- Chapter 15 177
- 178 Chapter 15. Apache 178
- /sbin/service httpd start 179
- /sbin/service httpd stop 179
- /sbin/service httpd restart 179
- /sbin/service httpd reload 179
- 15.3.20. ClearModuleList 183
- 15.3.21. AddModule 183
- 15.3.22. ExtendedStatus 183
- 15.3.23. Port 183
- 15.3.24. User 183
- 15.3.25. Group 184
- 15.3.26. ServerAdmin 184
- 15.3.27. ServerName 184
- 15.3.28. DocumentRoot 184
- 15.3.29. Directory 184
- 15.3.30. Options 185
- 15.3.31. AllowOverride 185
- 15.3.32. Order 185
- 15.3.35. UserDir 186
- 15.3.36. DirectoryIndex 186
- 15.3.37. AccessFileName 186
- 15.3.33. Allow 186
- 15.3.34. Deny 186
- 15.3.44. ErrorLog 188
- 15.3.45. LogLevel 188
- 15.3.46. LogFormat 188
- 15.3.47. CustomLog 188
- 15.3.48. ServerSignature 189
- 15.3.49. Alias 189
- 15.3.50. ScriptAlias 189
- 15.3.51. Redirect 190
- 15.3.52. IndexOptions 190
- 15.3.53. AddIconByEncoding 190
- 15.3.54. AddIconByType 190
- 15.3.62. AddLanguage 192
- 15.3.63. LanguagePriority 192
- 15.3.64. AddType 192
- 15.3.65. AddHandler 192
- 15.3.66. Action 192
- 15.3.67. MetaDir 193
- 15.3.68. MetaSuffix 193
- 15.3.69. ErrorDocument 193
- 15.3.70. BrowserMatch 193
- 15.3.71. Location 193
- 15.3.72. ProxyRequests 195
- 15.3.73. ProxyVia 195
- 15.3.74. Cache Directives 195
- 15.3.75. NameVirtualHost 195
- 15.3.76. VirtualHost 196
- 15.3.77. SetEnvIf 196
- 15.5. Using Virtual Hosts 198
- 15.6. Additional Resources 200
- Chapter 16 201
- 16.1.2. POP 202
- 16.1.3. SMTP 202
- 16.2.1. Mail User Agent 203
- 16.2.2. Mail Transfer Agent 203
- 16.3. Sendmail 204
- /etc/sendmail.cf by running: 206
- FEATURE(’ldap_routing’)dnl 208
- 16.4. Fetchmail 209
- • daemon 210
- 16.5. Procmail 212
- 16.5.1. Procmail Configuration 213
- 16.5.2. Procmail Recipes 214
- /dev/null 217
- 16.6. Security 218
- 16.7. Additional Resources 219
- 16.7.2. Useful Websites 220
- 16.7.3. Related Books 220
- Chapter 17 221
- 17.2. BIND Configuration Files 222
- 17.2.1. /etc/named.conf 223
- • include " 224
- • key " 224
- • view " 225
- • zone " 226
- 17.2.2. Zone Files 227
- $ORIGIN domain.com 228
- 259200 3D 231
- 604800 1W 231
- 31536000 365D 231
- SOA records 231
- 17.3. Using rndc 233
- 17.3.2. Command Line Options 235
- 17.4. BIND Advanced Features 236
- 17.6. Additional Resources 237
- 17.6.2. Useful Websites 238
- 17.6.3. Related Books 238
- Chapter 18 239
- Network File System (NFS) 239
- 18.1.1. NFS and portmap 240
- 100003 3 udp 2049 nfs 241
- 100021 1 udp 1028 nlockmgr 241
- 100021 3 udp 1028 nlockmgr 241
- 100021 4 udp 1028 nlockmgr 241
- [root@bleach /]# 241
- 18.2.1. /etc/exports 242
- 18.3.1. /etc/fstab 243
- 18.3.2. autofs 244
- 18.4. Securing NFS 245
- 18.5. Additional Resources 246
- 18.5.2. Related Books 247
- Chapter 19 249
- 19.3. Uses for LDAP 250
- 19.4. LDAP Terminology 250
- 19.6. OpenLDAP Files 251
- 19.6.2. The schema Directory 252
- 19.9. OpenLDAP Setup Overview 254
- 19.11. Additional Resources 256
- 19.11.2. Useful Websites 257
- 19.11.3. Related Books 257
- Appendixes 259
- Appendix A 261
- A.2. CD-ROM Module Parameters 262
- A.3. SCSI parameters 264
- A.4. Ethernet Parameters 267
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